Modulation of Ion Transport Across Plant Membranes by Polyamines: Understanding Specific Modes of Action Under Stress

This work critically discusses the direct and indirect effects of natural polyamines their catabolites such as reactive oxygen species ?-aminobutyric acid on activity key plant ion-transporting proteins plasma membrane H + Ca 2+ ATPases K -selective cation channels in tonoplast, context involvement stress responses. Docking analysis predicts a distinct binding for putrescine longer within pore vacuolar TPC1/SV channel, one determinants cell ionic homeostasis signaling under conditions, an additional site spermine, which overlaps with cytosolic regulatory -binding site. Several unresolved problems are summarized, including correct estimates subcellular levels catabolites, unexplored nucleotide-gated glutamate receptor membranes -permeable mitochondria chloroplasts, pleiotropic mechanisms polyamines’ action pumps.